Director, Centre for Education, Law & Society

My research focus is in law-related education and its intersection with social studies and citizenship education. An important dimension of my work involves examining those values and beliefs that underpin the legal system and are instrumental in developing a just and caring society; these include the ethics of care, conceptions of diversity and inclusion, and notions of social responsibility.

I am also the Director of the Centre for Education, Law and Society, an endowed centre established to improve the legal literacy of children and youth through a program of research, teaching, curriculum development, and community-based initiatives.

Email: cassidy@sfu.ca

Selected Publications

Books and Chapters

Cassidy, W., Brown, K., & Jackson, M. (2011). Moving from cyber-bullying to cyber-kindness: What do students, educators and parents say? In E. Dunkels, G-M. Franberg & C. Hallgreen (Eds.) Youth culture and net culture: Online social practices (Chap. 15). Pennsylvania: IGI Global Press.

Brown, K., Jackson, M., & Cassidy, W. (2009). Cyber-bullying: Developing policy to direct responses that are equitable and effective  in addressing this special form of bullying. In G. Chandana (Ed.) Cyber Bullying — A menace (Chap. 2), pp. 20-47. Hyderabad, India: The Icfai University Press.

Beck, K. & Cassidy, W. (2009). Embedding the ethic of care in school policies and practices. In K. te Riele (Ed.) Making schools different: Alternative approaches to educating young people (Chap. 6), pp. 50-64. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Cassidy, W. & Chinnery, A. (2009). Learning from indigenous education. In K. te Riele (Ed.). Making schools different: Alternative approaches to educating young people (Chap. 15), pp. 135-143. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Cassidy, W. & Ferguson, M. (2008).  Law-related education:  Cultivating informed and empowered citizens.  In R. Case & P. Clark (Eds.), The Canadian anthology of social studies:  Issues and strategies for elementary teachers.  Vancouver, B.C.:  Pacific Educational Press, 23 pages.

Cassidy, W. & Ferguson, M. (2008). Law-related education:  Preparation for citizenship and for life.  In R. Case & P. Clark (Eds.) The anthology of social studies:  Issues and strategies for secondary teachers. Vancouver, B.C.:  Pacific Educational Press, 25 pages.

Cassidy, W. & Yates, R. (2005).  Once upon a crime:  Using stories, simulations, and mock trials to explore justice and citizenship in elementary school. Calgary:  Detselig Enterprises, 1-223.

Cassidy, W. (2004).  Law and social studies:  Preparing students for citizenship.  In A. Sears & I. Wright (Eds.), Challenges and prospects in Canadian social studies (pp. 126-137). Vancouver, B.C.:  Pacific Educational Press.

Cassidy, W. (2000).  Law-related education:  Promoting awareness, participation and action.  In T. Goldstein & D. Selby (Eds.) Weaving connections:  Educating for peace, social and environmental justice (pp. 297-322). Toronto:  Sumach Press.

Cassidy, W. & Yates, R. (Eds.) (1998).  Let’s talk about law in elementary school. Calgary:  Detselig Enterprises, 1-202.

Textbooks

Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. (2005, revised 2010).  Legal Context of Teaching (Course Reader & Study Guide, Educ. 445).  Burnaby:  Simon Fraser University, Centre for Online & Distance Education, 263 pages.

Yates, R. & Cassidy, W. (2001, revised 2009).  Law for the Classroom Teacher (Course Reader & Study Guide, Educ. 446).  Burnaby:  Simon Fraser University, Centre for Online & Distance Education, 108 pages.

Cassidy, W. & Yates, R. (2003, revised 2009). Teaching about Justice, Law and Citizenship (Course Reader & Study Guide, Educ. 448).  Burnaby: Simon Fraser University, Centre for Online & Distance Education, 160 pages.

Selected Articles

Cassidy, W., Jackson, M. & Brown, K. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying. School Psychology International, 30(4), 383-402.

Jackson, M., Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. (2009). Out of the mouth of babes: Students’ voice their opinions on cyber-bullying. Long Island Education Review, 8(2), 24-30.

Jackson, M., Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. (2009). “you were born ugly and youl die ugly too”: Cyber-bullying as relational aggression. In Education, December issue.

Cassidy, W. & Marsden, D. (2009). Aboriginal “ways of being”: Educational leaders, students and traditional Aboriginal knowledge. Values and Ethics in Educational Administration, 7(2), 1-8.

Brown, K., Jackson, M., & Cassidy, W. (2006).  Cyber-bullying: Developing policy to direct responses that are equitable and effective in addressing this special form of bullying.  Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, Issue 57. (Co-author) http://www.umanitoba.ca/publications/cjeap/articles/brown_jackson_cassidy.html

Cassidy, W. (2006). From zero tolerance to a culture of care. Journal of Safe Management of Disruptive and Assaultive Behavior: [Special Issue on School Safety], Fall 2006, 22-26.

Cassidy, W. & Jackson, M. (2005).  The need for equality in education:  An intersectionality examination of labelling and zero tolerance policies. McGill Journal of Education [Special Issue on Law and Education], 40(3), 445-466.

Cassidy, W. & Pitsula, P. (2005). Forging a new pathway:  Learning from experience and research to shape practice in public legal education efforts in Canada, Education and Law Journal, 15(2), 113-138.

Cassidy, W. & Bates, A. (2005).  “Drop-outs” and “push-outs”:  Finding hope at a school that actualizes the ethic of care. American Journal of Education, 112 (1), 66-102.

Cassidy, W. (2005).  Abandoning zero tolerance for a culture of care.  Education Canada, 48(3), 40-42.

Subroto, D. & Cassidy, W. (2005).  Many hands make small work:  A collaborative approach to First Nations education.  Perspectives, 27(1), 6-7.

Cassidy, W. (2004).  Don’t forget about law:  A case for law-related education in elementary social studies.  Canadian Social Studies [Special Issue on Social Studies Research and Teaching in Elementary School], 39(1), 1-6.

Young, M. & Cassidy, W. (2004).  Impact of a global education course on students’ self-reported citizenship attitudes and behaviour.  Canadian and International Education Journal, 33(2), 1-32.

Film Documentaries

Cassidy, W. (Co-Producer) with M. Hawley and D. Van Poelgeest, Producers (2008). Dare to care: Transforming schools through the ethics of care. Life is Short Entertainment. Distributed internationally by the National Film Board of Canada. Winner Best Documentary Under 30 Minutes at the COMMFEST Global Film Festival, Toronto, September 2010.

Hawley, M., Van Poelgeest, D., Kissner, R., & Cassidy, W. (2009). Tending the Soil. DVD based on the Whytecliff Education Centre program for gang-involved Aboriginal Youth. Life is Short Entertainment.

Hawley, M., Van Poelgeest, D., Kissner, R. & Cassidy, W. (2008). Aboriginal Spirit. DVD based on the First Nations educational program for youth at Youth Futures, British Columbia.  Life is Short Entertainment.

Research and Technical Reports

Cassidy, W., Brown, K. & Jackson, M. (2010). Report on cyber-safety, prepared by request for the Joint Select Committee on Cyber-Safety, Parliament of Australia, 1-30.

Cassidy, W. (2008). Evaluation report: “Changing the life trajectory of gang-involved Aboriginal youth who have complex needs and co-occurring problems,” Whytecliff Education Centre.  Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 1-75.

Shariff, S., Cassidy, W., Oborne, D., Ho, Y., Gander, L. & Taylor, W. (2000).  Identifying successful school and community programs for at-risk youth:  An evaluation rubric and compendium of sources.  Ottawa:  Department of Justice, Canadian and Youth Justice Education Partnership, 1-214.

Bognar, C., Cassidy, W. & Clarke, P. (1997).  Social studies in British Columbia:  Results of the 1996 provincial learning assessment.  Victoria:  Government of British Columbia, 1-398.

Cassidy, W. & Manley-Casimir, M. (1993).  The educational value of mock trials as an instructional approach at the elementary school level:  A report to the Law Foundation of British Columbia. Burnaby:  Centre for Education, Law and Society, Simon Fraser University, 1-76.

Cassidy, W. & Bognar, C. (1991).  More than a good idea:  Moving from words to action in social studies.  Victoria:  Government of British Columbia, 1-89.

Bognar, C., Cassidy, W., Lewis, C. & Manley-Casimir, M. (1991).  Social studies in British Columbia:  Technical report of the B.C. social studies assessment.  Victoria:  Government of British Columbia, 1-335.

On-line Journal

Yates, R., Cassidy, W. & Craig, R. (Eds.) (2003-2010).  Law Connection, On-Line Journal on Law-Related Education (www.lawconnection.ca).  Centre for Education, Law and Society, Simon Fraser University and Justice Education Society of B.C.

Several postings of this on-line journal are made each year, each on a topical legal theme.  Each theme includes a legal backgrounder, plus curriculum resources and pedagogical approaches.  Themes include: International Criminal Courts; Alcohol and the law; Climate change and environment law; Social host liability; Sentencing – theory and practice; Violence in sports; Land claims and treaties; Censorship; Copyright and downloading music; Restorative justice; Buyer be smart; Role of judges; Bullying; Privacy; Law and the environment; Same sex marriage; the Kyoto Accord.

Selected Conference Presentations (Since 2000)

2011: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. Redirecting students from cyber-bullying to cyber-kindness and cyber-civility. American Bar Association conference on Civility and Free Expression in a Constitutional Democracy, Chicago, Illinois (March).

2011: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K.  Civility and free expression in cyberspace. American Bar Association conference on Civility and Free Expression in a Constitutional Democracy, Chicago, Illinois (March).

2010: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. The Internet and the moral. Association of Moral Education Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri (November).

2010: Brown, K. & Cassidy, W. Removing the dark side of lawyer(ing.). Association of Moral Education Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Missouri (November).

2010: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. Moral leadership for a kinder online world. 15th Annual International Values and Leadership Conference, Umea, Sweden (September).

2010: Cassidy, W. Collaborative leadership: Engaging Aboriginal learners with complex challenges. 15th Annual International Values and Leadership Conference, Umea, Sweden (September).

2010: Jackson, M., Brown, K. & Cassidy, W. From middle school to university: Does cyber-bullying make the leap? Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu (January).

2010: Cassidy, W., Brown, K. & Jackson, M. Redirecting students from cyber-bullying to cyber-kindness. Hawaii International Conference on Education, Honolulu (January.)

2009: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. Cyberbullying, identity and justice. Conference on Civic Engagement: Changing your Neighbourhood, Changing the World. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC (November).

2008: Cassidy, W., Beck, K. & Bai, H. The ethics of care: A relational approach to building community in schools. Canadian Society for the Study of Education. Vancouver (June).

2008: Jackson, M., Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. Cyberbullyng as relational aggression: An appropriate fit? AERA, New York (March).

2008: Cassidy, W., Jackson, M. & Brown, K. Cyberbullying: student voices informing educational policy development. AERA, New York (March).

2008: Cassidy, W. & Brown, K. Cyber-bullying: What Vancouver students and teachers are telling us. Vancouver School District Technology Conference, Vancouver (February).

2007: Cassidy, W. & Jackson, M. Cyber-bullying: Is cyber-kindness the answer? West Vancouver School District Professional Day, West Vancouver, BC (January).

2007: Brown, K. & Cassidy, W. Girls and Relational Aggression in Cyber-space. 12th Annual Values and Leadership Conference, State College, Pennsylvania. (October)

2007: Cassidy, W., Jackson, M., Brown, K. & Shariff, S.  Cyber-bullying: Documenting the perspectives of students, teachers and principals. Canadian Association for the Study of Practical Law in Education (CAPSLE). Vancouver, B.C. (April)

2006: Cassidy, W., Jackson, M., & Brown, K.  Developing effective policies and practices to counter cyber-bullying. 11th Annual Values and Leadership Conference, Victoria, B.C. (October)

2006: Cassidy, W. & Marsden, D. Ethical leadership as a different “way of being”: Educators and aboriginal students.  11th Annual Values and Leadership Conference, Victoria, B.C. (October)

2006: Cassidy, W.  Zero tolerance policies and labelling students as “severe behaviour”: Is this equitable, legal and just? AERA (American Education Research Association) Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA.  (April)

2006: Shariff, S., Cassidy, W., Jackson, M.  Investigating cyber-bullying from a legal perspective. CAPSLE (Canadian Association for the Practical Study of Law and Education) Annual Conference, Montreal, Quebec. (May)

2006: Cassidy, W. Creating a culture of peace: Continuing the conversation.  Plenary panel presentation, Provincial Peace Education Conference, BC Teachers’ Federation and the Peace and Global Education PSA, Port Moody, B.C. (October)

2006: Cassidy, W.  The ethic of care: changing lives, changing schools. Plenary panel address, Maple Ridge Teachers’ Association Annual Conference, Maple Ridge, B.C. (February)

2006: Cassidy, W.  Zero tolerance policies in school:  Illegal, inequitable and unjust? 25th American Bar Association National Conference on Youth Education for Citizenship, Phoenix, Arizona (January)

2006: Cassidy, W.  Troubled and troublesome youth: Providing hope through a life-changing revolutionary program. 25th American Bar Association National Conference on Youth Education for Citizenship, Phoenix, AZ (January)

2005: Cassidy, W. & Jackson, M.  Zero tolerance policies in school: Equitable or discriminatory? 10th Annual Values and Leadership in Education Conference, State College, Pennsylvania (October)

2005: Cassidy, W. & Subroto, D.  A school of hope:  Reclaiming the lives of drop-outs and push-outs.  National Inner City Conference, Vancouver, B.C. (February)

2005: Cassidy, W.  The role of law and the rule of law. Forum panelist, Simon Fraser University Public Forum, entitled, “Illegal Strike or Civil Disobedience.” Burnaby, B.C. (October)

2005: Cassidy, W. & Pitsula, P.  Forging a new pathway: Learning from experience and research to shape practice in public legal education efforts in Canada. Plenary address, Access to Justice: Sharing Our Stories, National Conference of the Public Legal Education Association of Canada, Saskatoon, Sask. (June)

2004: Cassidy, W. & McAllister, H.  Transforming schools through the ethics of care.  9th Annual Values and Leadership Conference, Christ Church, Barbados. (October)

2004: Cassidy, W., Beck, K., McAllister, H. & Whitley, C.  Imagine if we cared:  Influencing learning environments with the ethics of care. 2nd International Conference on Imagination and Education, Vancouver, B.C. (July)

2004: Cassidy, W. & Bates, A.  Imagining positive futures:  The role of caring and imagination in re-directing the lives of troubled youth.  2nd International Conference on Imagination and Education, Vancouver, B.C. (July)

2004: Cassidy, W., Beck, K., McAllister, H. McDowell, K. & Whitley, C.  Building knowledge about care:  Experiences of teachers and administrators from diverse classrooms. Citizenship Education Research Network, Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Winnipeg, Manitoba. (May)

2004: Cassidy, W.  Vision and values-based learning communities.  Plenary presentation.  B.C. Deans’ of Education Conference on Learning Communities:  Promises and Perils, Vancouver, B.C. (October)

2003: Cassidy, W., Mann, P. & Oborne, D.  Restorative justice and the ethic of care:  Moving towards a transformative model of education. Citizenship Education Research Network, Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Halifax, Nova Scotia. (May)

2003: Cassidy, W. & Slater, A.  Building communities of care in school:  Perspectives of key stakeholders. Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Halifax, Nova Scotia. (May)

2002: Bai, H. & Cassidy, W.  The moral challenges of our time and putting the ethic of care to work.  Ecole Pauline Johnson, Parent Advisory Committee, West Vancouver, B.C. (April)

2001: Cassidy, W.  Compassion and social justice:  Necessary symbiosis.  Interchange on Canadian Studies, National Student Conference, Victoria, B.C. (May)

2001: Cassidy, W.  The power of compassion:  Making the ethic of care central to schools.  North Vancouver School District Professional Day, North Vancouver, B.C. (February)

2001: Cassidy, W. & LaRocque, L.  From conflict to caring.  Ecole Pauline Johnson Professional Day, West Vancouver, B.C. (February)

2001: Cassidy, W.  Bigotry: The hidden and the overt:  Students’ attitudes towards immigrants and First Nations people.  Canadian Society for the Study of Education (May).

2000: Cassidy, W., Chorak, E., Kover, A., LaRocque, L., Shariff, S. & Whitley, C.  Doing democracy:  An international perspective. Symposium. International Conference on Citizenship and Democracy, Calgary, Alberta. (June)

2000: Cassidy, W., Pereira, C. & Surtees, D.  Revitalizing law-related education:  Radical changes for the new century. International Conference on Citizenship and Democracy, Calgary, Alberta. (June)

2000: Cassidy, W.  From altruism to genocide:  Students’ attitudes towards refugees. Canadian Society for the Study of Education, Edmonton, Alberta. (May)

2000: Cassidy, W.  Teaching and social change.  Keynote address, British Columbia Teachers’ Federation B-Annual Quality Teaching Conference, Richmond, BC (February).

2000: Cassidy, W.  High school students’ attitudes to refugees.  Provincial Student Conference, Vancouver, B.C. (February)

Selected Research and Development Projects

Scholarships and Awards

• University of Chicago Century Scholarship (approximately $60,000US)
• SSHRC Doctoral Fellowship (approximately $50,000)
• Simon Fraser University Open Scholarships (approximately $10,000)
• Best Documentary Under 30 Minutes, Dare to Care: Transforming Schools Through the Ethics of Care, COMMFEST Global Film Festival, Toronto, September 2010
• Isidore Starr Award for Excellence in Law-related Education; only non-American to receive this award from the American Bar Association, Public Education Division, March 2011.

Courses Taught (*new courses developed for the university)

EDUC 445: Legal Context of Teaching*

EDUC 446: Law for the Classroom Teacher*

EDUC 448: Teaching about Justice, Law and Citizenship*

EDUC 414: Designs for Learning Social Studies:  Secondary

EDUC 474: Designs for Learning Social Studies:  Elementary

EDUC 402: Education:  Theory and Practice

EDUC 572: The Ethics of Care:  Theory and Practice*

EDUC 574: Looking Inward, Looking Outward: Global Perspectives*

EDUC 816: Developing Educational Programs in Diverse Settings

EDUC 820: Current Issues in Curriculum and Pedagogy

EDUC 923: The Politics of Difference: Coalition Building and Critical Pedagogy

EDUC 926: Anthropological Approaches to Educational Research

Service (examples)

Faculty and University:

• Director, Centre for Education, Law and Society, 1998-current  (Co-Director, 1984-98)
• University Human Rights Policy Board (2011-2012)
• Senate Undergraduate Awards Adjudication Committee (2010-11)
• Senate Committee on Student Discipline (2009-2012)
• Senate Undergraduate Awards Adjudication Committee (2010-2013)
• University College for Tenure and Promotion (2009-2010)
• University Appointments Committee (2009-2010)
• Coordinator, Languages, Cultures and Literacies Doctoral program (2009, 2010; 1 semester each year)
• Dean of Education Search Committee (2007-8)
• Faculty of Education Appointments Committee (2007, 2009-2011)
• Coordinator, Inclusion and Diversity Master’s Program (2006-7)
• Professional Programs Committee (2004-06)
• Field Programs, Committee, Faculty of Education (2000-2002)
• Faculty Tenure and Promotions Committee (1999-2000)

Scholarly Community (examples)

Conferences & Networks

• Program Committee, Annual International Values and Leadership Conference planned for Victoria, 2011.
• Member, PANCANNET committee of CSSE (Pan Canadian Network of Global Educators, 2008-10.
• Chair, Civic Engagement: Changing your neighbourhood, changing the world conference, Vancouver, 2009.
• Chair, Action for a Just Society conference, Vancouver, 2008.
• Contributor, National Strategy for Early Literacy, Submission from the Faculty of Education, SFU, 2009.
• Member, Research and Professional Development Committees, Public Legal Education Association of Canada, 2004-2009.
• Executive, National Citizenship Education Research Network of CSSE (and founding member)
• Chair, Centre for Education, Law and Society Advisory Committee (1998-2011)
• Member, Planning Committee, Inter-Agency committee to establish an International Centre for Peace in Vancouver, 2005
• Member, Planning Committee, Peace Education Conference: Weaving a Tapestry of Peace, 2005

Grants Reviewer

• SSHRC
• Law Foundation of B.C.
• Dept. of Justice Canada

Publications reviewer

• American Journal of Education
• Journal of Adolescence
• Social Development Journal
• Policy and Practice in Education
• Curriculum Inquiry
• In Education
• Alberta Journal of Educational Research
• BCASW Perspectives
• Canadian Modern Languages Review
• Journal of International Migration and Immigration
• McGill Journal of Education
• Journal of Professional Studies

Professional Community (examples)

Committees

• B.C. Law-related Provincial Education Consortium, 2000-2010
• Committee to establish School of the Heart in Vancouver, sponsored by the Dalai Lama Center, 2008-09
• Advisor, Vancouver School Board, Policy Manual on Cyber-bullying, 2009
• Consultant, Haida Gwaii School District #50, Taay.yaan.nuhl program for Aboriginal students, 2006
• Contributor, Public Legal Education and Information Resource Catalogue: Awarded Crystal Award of Excellence
• Advisor, Kids Voting Canada, 2003
• Advisor, Public Legal Education and Information Research Study, BC Ministry of the Attorney-General, 2002
• Focus Group, Social Responsibility and Performance Standards, BC Ministry of Education, 2001
• Program Planning Group, American Bar Association Bi-Annual Conference on Law-related Education, Atlanta, 2000-01.

Presentations (examples)

• Rockridge School, West Vancouver, Ethics of Care (2011)
• Winslow Education Centre, Coquitlam School District, Ethics of Care (2011)
• Indigenous Education Module, Teacher Education Program, SFU, Care and Teaching Practice (2011)
• Whytecliff Education Centre, Graduation Ceremonies (2010)
• West Vancouver School District ProD, Cyber-bullying (2007)
• Vancouver School District ProD, Cyber-bullying (2008)
• Principal and Vice-Principals’ Association, Aboriginal education (2006)
• BC Teachers’ Federation Annual conference, Creating a culture of peace (2006)
• Maple Ridge School District Annual Conference, Ethics of care (2006)
• Touching Lives Symposium, SFU, Youth “at risk” (2005)
• Ecole Pauline Johnson, West Vancouver ProD, Ethics of Care (2002)
• North Vancouver Teachers’ Annual Conference, Community of care (2001)
• Canadian Heritage B.C./Yukon staff (2000)
• Refugees and the Law Public Forum (2000)

Media (quoted or featured; examples since 2005)

• SFU News, “ABA honours ‘mother of law-related education’”, March 24, 2011.
• North Shore Outlook, article by G. Hoekstra, “North Van prof wins prestigious legal award”, March 17, 2011.
• CBC Radio, The Almanac talk show, on cyber-bullying, Mark Forsythe host, February 18, 2011.
• Fairfield TV, National Chinese Station, one-hour documentary on cyber-bullying with host Claudia Lau, with Mandarin and Cantonese sub-titles, January 10, 2011.
• CBC Television News Hour, Interview re websites used by students to cyber-bully, November 18, 2010.
• SFU, Faculty of Education website, Best Documentary under 30 minutes, Dare to Care in Schools, October, 2010.
• North Shore Outlook, featured front page article by G. Hoekstra on cyber-bullying, September 16, 2010.
• The Province newspaper, article by Glenda Luymes on cyber-bullying, October 15, 2010.
• The Christie Clark Talk Show, Corus Radio Network, cyber-bullying, April 9, 2010.
• Associated Press News, Washington, DC. Taped response to cyber-bullying/Facebook incident, broadcast on 140 stations in the USA, News hour, November 22, 2009.
• Burnaby Now News, article by J. Moreau on Whytecliff Education Centre’s success, September 15, 2007.
• Reader’s Digest article, “That’s Outrageous: No hugging or kissing please!, January 2005 issue.

Graduate Student Supervision

Senior Supervisor for 5 doctoral students (2 completed), 7 Master’s students (5 completed), and 22 M.Ed. students (19 completed).

Committee member for 7 Ph.D. students (3 completed), 12 Master’s students (11 completed), and 9 M.Ed. students

Examiner for 12 doctoral students, 8 Master’s students